Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) can be curative for many patients with hematologic malignancies. However, graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) remains one of the most common complications and one of the leading causes of death after unrelated HSCT. GvHD triples mortality rates.

Solid organ transplantation (SOT) revolutionized the treatment of organ failure and is a new lease on life for many patients. However, immunosuppressive medications used to prevent organ rejection increase the risk for infections, including cytomegalovirus (CMV). While many antiviral drugs are effective in treating CMV, refractory or resistant infections remain a constant threat.

Renal transplantation is a potentially life-saving treatment for those with renal failure; however, graft rejection remains a real problem and long-term outcomes remain poor. Although many renal transplants are performed worldwide each year, only a fraction are living with functioning renal grafts, with approximately 40% of renal transplants failing within 10 years.